Shandong University
School of basic medicine
《 Pathology 》
Prepared by: Gao Peng reviewed by: Gao Peng, Han Bo
Prepared on: May 10, 2022 approved on: May 15, 2019
Basic information:：
Course name |
病理学 |
English name |
Pathology |
Course code |
SD0473006E |
|
Department of Pathology |
Course category |
√ □ compulsory courses of general education □ core courses of general education |
Course nature |
□√ compulsory □ elective |
credit |
2 |
Class hours |
32 |
Applicable specialty |
Undergraduate students |
Prerequisite courses |
Histoembryology, anatomy, physiology, medical biochemistry, immunology |
Course description
Pathology is a bridge between basic medicine and clinical medicine. It elaborates why diseases occur, how they occur, what changes (metabolic, functional, and morphological) they have, and how they turn out. The purpose of pathology is to provide the theoretical basis for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases in clinical medicine, to be involved in the clinical diagnosis, and evaluate the new therapies and to discover and recognize new diseases with the clinic.
Teaching objectives and requirements
[teaching objectives]
Pathology experiment teaching is mainly composed of the following parts: 1. Observe and describe the gross (naked eye) specimens, tissue sections of various pathological tissues and organs of the human body, and further make pathological diagnosis; 2. Study and discuss autopsy cases or clinical cases; 3. Watch teaching videos, videos and multimedia teaching. Through these basic practical activities, students can achieve: (1) better understand and master the basic theoretical contents of pathology in the theoretical course, so as to lay a foundation for learning clinical courses in the future; (2) To cultivate the students' ability to observe, analyze and solve problems.
[teaching requirements]
1. Grasp the concept and knowledge of pathology.
2. Have the ability of comparative analysis, diagnosis and differential diagnosis of diseases.
3. Have the ability to analyze cases and explain clinical phenomena via pathological changes.
Course content and class hour allocation
Chapter I Tissue and cell damage (2 class hours)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. Master the types and morphological characteristics of adaptive changes of cells and tissues; The concept of degeneration, necrosis and apoptosis, the pathological characteristics of cell edema, steatosis and vitreous degeneration. The type, pathological characteristics and outcome of necrosis, and the difference between apoptosis and necrosis.
2. Master the observation and pathological diagnosis methods of gross specimens and tissue sections.
3. Understand the causes of tissue damage.
Practice contents
1. Tissue sections: renal tubular epithelial cell edema; hepatocyte edema; hepatocyte steatosis; hyaline degeneration of central splenic artery; coagulative necrosis of renal tissue.
2. Gross specimens: myocardial hypertrophy; ascending colon polyps; hyaline degeneration of spleen capsule; hepatic steatosis; cerebral liquefied necrosis; dry gangrene of fingers; wet gangrene of ileum; splenic coagulation necrosis with organization; caseous necrosis of right kidney with cavity formation.
Skill training
1. The observation methods and the steps of pathological specimens and tissue sections.
2. Review the application methods and master the key points for usage of digital interactive microscope system.
Chapter II Repair of damage (2 class hours)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. Master the concept and morphological characteristics of granulation tissue and scar tissue and their role in injury repair.
2. Be familiar with the concepts of repair, regeneration, mechanization and wound healing.
3. Understand the regeneration ability and regeneration mode of various tissues.
Practice contents
1. Tissue section: granulation tissue.
2. Gross specimen: Coagulative necrosis of spleen and kidney.
Skill training
1. Drawing: granulation tissue.
2. Summarize the adaptation, injury and post injury repair process of cells and tissues.
Chapter III Local blood circulation disorder (4 class hours)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. Master the concept, pathological characteristics and consequences of congestion.
2. Master the concept, formation conditions, types and morphological characteristics of thrombosis.
3. Master the concept, type, formation conditions and morphological characteristics of infarction.
4. Be familiar with the type of embolism and its impact on the body.
Practice contents
1. Tissue sections: chronic pulmonary congestion; hepatic congestion; mixed thrombosis; venous thrombosis organization; renal anemia infarction; pulmonary hemorrhagic infarction.
2. Gross specimens: chronic liver congestion; splenic anemic infarction with organization; ileal hemorrhagic infarction; pulmonary artery thromboembolism; pulmonary artery thromboembolism with pulmonary hemorrhagic infarction; renal anemia infarction.
Skills training
To observe pathological specimens and master pathological diagnosis methods.
Chapter IV Inflammation (4 class hours)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. Master the basic pathological changes of inflammation, the types of inflammation, and the pathological characteristics of fibrinous inflammation and suppurative inflammation.
2. Be familiar with the morphological characteristics of inflammatory cells; Local and systemic manifestations of inflammation; The outcome of inflammation; Various common terms related to inflammation.
Practice contents
1. Tissue sections: inflammatory polyp; acute cellulitis appendicitis; Myocardial abscess; chronic brain abscess.
2. Gross specimens: acute cellulitis appendicitis; suppurative meningitis; lung abscess; liver abscess with sinus formation; pseudomembranous inflammation; gallbladder empyema.
Skills training
1. Summarize the types and classification principles of inflammation
2. Drawing: morphological characteristics of various inflammatory cells
Chapter V Tumor (4 class hours)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. Master the concept, morphological feature, atypia, growth and diffusion of tumor; The difference between benign and malignant tumors; Naming principles of tumors; The difference between cancer and sarcoma.
2. Be familiar with the types and main characteristics of common epithelial tumors and mesenchymal tumors; The characteristics of precancerous lesions and atypical hyperplasia.
3. Understand the tertiary prevention of tumor.
Practice contents
1. Tissue sections: skin papilloma; esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; gastric adenocarcinoma; metastatic adenocarcinoma of lymph node; fibrosarcoma; leiomyoma; leiomyosarcoma; osteosarcoma; Schwannoma; Malignant melanoma.
2. Gross specimens: skin papilloma; esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; ovarian serous papillary cystadenoma; ovarian mucinous cystadenoma; breast invasive ductal carcinoma; skin squamous cell carcinoma; cervical cystic lymphangioma; multiple leiomyoma of uterine; malignant melanoma of finger skin and ovarian cystic teratoma.
Skill training
1. Describe the methods of observing and analyzing tumors
2. Training of basic skills of tumor pathological diagnosis
3. Drawing: squamous cell carcinoma.
Chapter VI Cardiovascular diseases (2 class hours)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. Master the basic pathological changes of rheumatism and their occurrence and development process, as well as the morphological characteristics and consequences of rheumatic heart disease.
2. Master the basic pathological changes of atherosclerosis and the pathological characteristics and consequences of coronary atherosclerotic heart disease.
3. Master the basic pathological changes of hypertension and the characteristics and consequences of pathological changes of various organs.
4. Be familiar with the pathological characteristics and clinical significance of valvular heart disease; Morphological characteristics of acute and subacute infective endocarditis.
Practice contents
1. Tissue sections: rheumatic myocarditis; rheumatic endocarditis; coronary atherosclerosis; aortic atherosclerosis.
2. Gross specimens: rheumatic pericarditis; chronic rheumatic valvular heart disease (mitral stenosis); hypertensive cardiac hypertrophy; primary granular pyknosis, abdominal aortic atherosclerosis; aortic atherosclerosis; coronary artery atherosclerosis.
Skill training
1. Describe the observation methods of cardiovascular system diseases.
2. Drawing: Aschoff body.
Chapter VII Respiratory diseases (2 class hours)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. Master the pathological characteristics and clinicopathological relationship of chronic bronchitis, emphysema and chronic pulmonary heart disease.
2. Master the pathological characteristics, clinical manifestations and complications of lobar pneumonia and lobular pneumonia; Pathological characteristics of silicosis.
3. Be familiar with the pathological characteristics and clinicopathological classification of lung cancer; Stage of silicosis.
4. Understand the pathological characteristics of bronchiectasis; Diagnostic criteria of pneumoconiosis.
Practice contents
1. Tissue sections: lobar pneumonia; lobular pneumonia; emphysema; silicosis and small cell lung cancer.
2. Gross specimens: lobar pneumonia; lobular pneumonia; emphysema; bronchiectasis; silicosis; lung cancer (hilar type, peripheral type, diffuse type).
Skill training
1. Describe the observation methods of respiratory specimens.
2. Drawing: lobar pneumonia.
Chapter VIII Digestive system diseases (4 class hours)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. Master the pathological characteristics, clinicopathological relationship and complications of chronic atrophic gastritis and ulcer disease.
2. Master the pathological characteristics and clinicopathological relationship of various types of viral hepatitis and portal cirrhosis.
3. Be familiar with the pathological characteristics, type, diffusion mode and clinicopathological relationship of gastrointestinal tumors.
4. Understand the pathological characteristics of primary liver cancer.
Practice contents
1. Tissue sections: ulcer disease; portal cirrhosis; acute severe hepatitis; subacute severe hepatitis; chronic ordinary hepatitis (mild); chronic atrophic gastritis with early cancer; hepatocellular carcinoma.
2. Gross specimens: chronic gastric ulcer; duodenal ulcer perforation; chronic atrophic gastritis; chronic gastric ulcer with early cancer; portal cirrhosis; post necrotic cirrhosis; biliary cirrhosis; esophageal cancer (mushroom umbrella type, medullary type, ulcer type, narrowing type); gastric cancer (polyp type, ulcer type, invasive type), rectal cancer (ulcer type); colloidal colon cancer; hepatocellular carcinoma (massive type, multi nodule type).
Skill training
1. Describe the observation methods of digestive tract and liver specimens
2. Drawing: chronic gastric ulcer.
Chapter IX Diseases of lymphohematopoietic system (1 class hours)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
To understand the concept, histological classification and main pathological features of malignant lymphoma
Practice contents
1. Tissue section: Hodgkin's lymphoma; Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
2. Gross specimen: lymph node lymphoma
skill training
Describe the observation methods of hematopoietic system specimens.
Chapter X Urinary system diseases (2 class hours)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. Master the pathological changes and clinicopathological relationship of common types of glomerulonephritis.
2. Master the pathological characteristics of pyelonephritis and its clinicopathological relationship.
3. Understand the pathological characteristics of renal cell carcinoma.
Practice contents
1. Tissue sections: acute diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis; crescentic glomerulonephritis; chronic glomerulonephritis; chronic pyelonephritis and acute pyelonephritis.
2. Gross specimens: acute glomerulonephritis; chronic glomerulonephritis and renal cell carcinoma.
Skill training
1. Describe the observation methods of urinary system specimens.
2. To compare primary granular pyknotic kidney and secondary granular pyknotic kidney.
Chapter XI Breast and reproductive system diseases (4 class hours)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. Master the pathological changes and clinicopathological relationship of hydatidiform mole, malignant hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma.
2. Master the pathological changes, spread and clinicopathological relationship of cervical cancer.
3. Be familiar with the morphological characteristics of chronic cervicitis and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; The characteristics of breast cancer and its clinicopathological correlation.
Practice contents
1. Tissue sections: cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; hydatidiform mole; invasive hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma.
2. gross specimens: hydatidiform mole; invasive hydatidiform mole; choriocarcinoma, breast cancer, cervical cancer (endogenous infiltrating, extrinsic cauliflower type).
Skill training
1. Describe the observation methods of female reproductive system specimens
2. To compare the pathological characteristics of hydatidiform mole, malignant hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma.
3. Drawing: hydatidiform mole.
Chapter XII endocrine system diseases (1 class hour)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
Be familiar with the etiology, pathogenesis, epidemiological characteristics, pathological characteristics and clinicopathological relationship of goiter.
Practice contents
1. Tissue section: nodular goiter; Papillary thyroid carcinoma.
2. Gross specimen: nodular goiter; Papillary thyroid carcinoma.
Chapter XIII Infectious diseases (2 class hours)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. Master the basic pathological changes and transformation rules of tuberculosis. The occurrence and development of primary and secondary pulmonary tuberculosis and the pathological characteristics of various types of pulmonary tuberculosis.
2. Master the pathological changes, clinicopathological relationship and main complications of typhoid fever and bacillary dysentery.
3. understand the characteristics of tuberculosis in extrapulmonary organs.
Practice contents
1. Tissue sections: pulmonary tuberculosis; lymph node tuberculosis; acute bacillary dysentery (pseudomembranous inflammation stage).
2. Gross specimens: focal pulmonary tuberculosis (sclerotic calcification stage); infiltrating pulmonary tuberculosis with cavity formation; acute miliary pulmonary tuberculosis; primary pulmonary tuberculosis; infiltrating pulmonary tuberculosis (infiltrating progression stage); chronic fibrous cavity pulmonary tuberculosis; caseous pneumonia; pulmonary tuberculoma; intestinal tuberculosis; renal tuberculosis; epididymal tuberculosis; ileal typhoid fever (myeloid swelling stage, ulcer stage); Acute bacillary dysentery (pseudomembranous inflammation stage).
Skill training
1. observe the gross specimens of various types of pulmonary tuberculosis.
2. To compare primary and secondary pulmonary tuberculosis.
3. Drawing: tuberculous nodules.
