Shandong University
School of basic medicine
《 Pathology 》
Prepared by: Gao Peng reviewed by: Gao Peng, Han Bo
Prepared on: May 10, 2019 approved on: May 15, 2019
Basic information:：
Course name |
病理学 |
English name |
Pathology |
Course code |
SD0473006E |
|
Department of Pathology |
Course category |
√ □ compulsory courses of general education □ core courses of general education |
Course nature |
□√ compulsory □ elective |
credit |
5.5 |
Class hours |
112 |
Applicable specialty |
Undergraduate students |
Prerequisite courses |
Histoembryology, anatomy, physiology, medical biochemistry, immunology |
Course description
Pathology is a bridge between basic medicine and clinical medicine. It elaborates why diseases occur, how they occur, what changes (metabolic, functional, and morphological)they have, and how they turn out. The purpose of pathology is to provide the theoretical basis for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases in clinical medicine, to be involved in the clinical diagnosis, and evaluate the new therapies and to discover and recognize new diseases with the clinic.
Teaching objectives and requirements
[teaching objectives]
Help medical students lay a good pathological theoretical foundation for understanding diseases; Cultivate the ability to analyze the occurrence, development and prognosis of diseases; Establish the thinking method of disease diagnosis; Exercise the ability to solve problems.
[teaching requirements]
1. Grasp the concept and knowledge of pathology.
2. Have the ability of comparative analysis, diagnosis and differential diagnosis of diseases.
3. Have the ability to analyze cases and explain clinical phenomena via pathological changes.
Course content and class hour allocation
Chapter I tissue and cell damage (4 class hours)
Section I adaptation of cells and tissues (1.5 class hours)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. Understanding the concept of adaptation
2. Memorize the basic definition, morphological characteristics and common types of various manifestations of adaptation.
[specific teaching contents]
1. The adaptive responses of cells and tissues include the concepts, types and morphological changes of hypertrophy, proliferation, atrophy and metaplasia.
2. Clinical significance of adaptation
[teaching and learning suggestions] theory teaching is the main method, and multimedia teaching is adopted. The experimental class mainly focuses on microscopic network interactive teaching, and observes gross specimens and pathological tissue sections. Students should pay attention to the following points in learning: ① there are many basic concepts in this section, which need to be memorized completely and accurately on the basis of understanding. ② Understand the main pathological changes, including macroscopic changes and microscopic characteristics, and be able to integrate theory with practice.
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following basic concepts:
Adaptation, atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia.
2. Describe the following basic lesions:
Atrophy, metaplasia, hypertrophy, hyperplasia
3. Address the following issues:
3.1 common types and processes of atrophy
3.2 common types and clinical significance of hypertrophy and hyperplasia, and the difference between hyperplasia and hypertrophy
3.3 common types and clinical significance of metaplasia.
Section II cell and tissue damage (2 class hours)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. Memorize the basic concepts, types, morphological changes and significance of cell injury, degeneration and cell death.
2. Introduce the causes and mechanisms of cell and tissue damage.
3. Memorize the characteristics of various types of necrotic outcomes.
[specific teaching contents]
1. The main causes and pathogenesis of cell tissue injury.
2. Concept and types of reversible cell injury.
3. Causes, pathogenesis, pathological characteristics and clinical significance of various reversible injuries.
4. The types and concepts of cell and tissue death, the definition, types and morphological characteristics of necrosis.
5. The outcome of cell and tissue injury and its clinical significance.
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following basic concepts:
Injury, reversible injury, irreversible injury, degeneration, cell edema, steatosis, vitreous degeneration, pigment deposition, pathological calcification, necrosis, coagulative necrosis, liquefied necrosis, caseous necrosis.
2. Describe the following basic lesions:
Cell edema, steatosis, vitreous degeneration, necrosis, coagulative necrosis, liquefied necrosis, cellulose necrosis, gas gangrene, dry gangrene, wet gangrene, ulcer, cavity.
3. Address the following issues:
3.1 types, characteristics and significance of major reversible damage
3.2 basic pathological changes, types and clinical significance of necrosis
3.3 outcome and consequences of necrosis.
Section III apoptosis (0.5 class hours)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. Memorize the concept of apoptosis
2. To understand the basic pathological changes and mechanism of apoptosis
[specific teaching contents]
1. Concept and morphological characteristics of apoptosis
2. Mechanism of apoptosis
3. The difference between apoptosis and necrosis
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following basic concepts:
Apoptotic body
2. Address the following issues:
Differentiation between apoptosis and necrosis
Chapter II repair of damage (2 class hours)
Section I regeneration (1 class hour)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. Master regeneration, cell cycle and regeneration potential of different types of cells.
2. Master the regeneration process of various cells.
2. Master the morphological characteristics and functions of granulation tissue and scar tissue.
3. Be familiar with the influencing factors of cell regeneration.
4. To understand the role of stem cells in cell regeneration and tissue repair.
[specific teaching contents]
1. Basic concepts and processes of repair and regeneration.
2. Cell cycle and regenerative potential of different types of cells.
3. Factors affecting cell regeneration.
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following basic concepts:
Organization, encapsulation, repair, regeneration, stem cells.
2. Address the following issues:
What is the relationship between the characteristics of stable cells, unstable cells and permanent cells and regeneration.
Section II fibrous repair (0.5 class hours)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. Master the basic concept and process of fibrous repair.
2. Be able to recognize the morphological characteristics of granulation tissue and scar tissue and memorize their functions.
3. Be familiar with the formation process and mechanism of granulation tissue and scar tissue.
[specific teaching contents]
1. The basic concept and process of fibrous repair.
2. Concept, morphological characteristics and function of granulation tissue and scar tissue.
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following basic concepts:
Organization, wrapping, granulation tissue, scar.
2. Address the following issues:
The function of granulation tissue and the role of each component.
Section III wound healing (0.5 class hours)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. Understand the basic process and types of wound healing.
2. To understand the basic process and influencing factors of wound healing and fracture healing.
[specific teaching contents]
1. The types and basic processes of skin wound healing and fracture healing.
2. The basic process of fracture healing and the factors affecting fracture healing.
3. Factors affecting wound healing.
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following basic concepts:
Wound healing, primary healing, secondary healing.
2. Address the following issues:
2.1 types of skin wound healing.
2.2 basic process of fracture healing.
Chapter III local blood circulation disorder (4 class hours)
Section I Congestion and congestion (1 class hour, including 1 class hour for teaching)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. Be familiar with the concept, causes, pathological changes and consequences of congestion and congestion (arterial and venous congestion).
2. Be familiar with the pathological features of liver and lung congestion.
[specific teaching contents]
1. The concept, causes, pathological changes and consequences of arterial and venous congestion.
2. Pathological characteristics of liver and lung congestion.
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following basic concepts: congestion, congestion
2. This paper expounds the following problems: the causes and histological characteristics of chronic pulmonary congestion and chronic liver congestion.
Section 2 bleeding (self study)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. Understand the lesions, types and consequences of bleeding.
[specific teaching contents]
1. The etiology, pathogenesis, pathological changes and consequences of bleeding.
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following basic concepts:
hemorrhage
2. Address the following issues:
Effect of bleeding volume on body
Section III thrombosis (1 class hour, including 1 class hour of teaching)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. Be familiar with the concept, condition, mechanism and process of thrombosis.
2. Be familiar with the morphological characteristics of thrombus, the outcome of thrombus and its impact on the body.
[specific teaching contents]
1. The concept, condition and mechanism of thrombosis and thrombosis, the process, morphological characteristics and types of thrombosis.
2. Outcome of thrombosis and its impact on the body
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following basic concepts: thrombosis, thrombosis, white thrombosis, mixed thrombosis, red thrombosis, transparent thrombosis.
2. Address the following issues:
Conditions of thrombosis.
Type and composition of thrombus.
Outcome of thrombosis and its impact on the body
Section IV embolization (1 class hour, including 1 class hour for teaching)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. Be familiar with the concept and type of embolus and embolus and the way of operation of embolus
2. Familiar with the common causes and consequences of thromboembolism, gas embolism, amniotic fluid embolism and fat embolism.
[specific teaching contents]
1. Embolus, the concept of embolus and the way of embolus operation.
2. Types of embolism and their effects on the body.
3. Common causes and consequences of thromboembolism, gas embolism, amniotic fluid embolism and fat embolism.
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following basic concepts: embolism, embolus.
2. Address the following issues:
Embolic pathway.
Types of embolism and their effects on the body
Section V (1 class hour, including 1 class hour for teaching)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. Be familiar with the concept, cause, type and pathological characteristics of infarction.
[specific teaching contents]
1. The concept, etiology and formation conditions of infarction.
2. Infarct type and lesion characteristics.
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following basic concepts:
infarct
2. Address the following issues:
Infarct type and lesion characteristics.
Chapter IV inflammation (4 class hours)
Section I overview (0.5 class hours)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. Memorize the concept and classification of inflammation
2. To understand the clinical local manifestations and systemic response of inflammation
[specific teaching contents]
1. Concept and significance of inflammation.
2. Causes and classification of inflammation.
3. Local manifestations and systemic reactions of inflammation
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following basic concepts:
Inflammation, acute inflammation, chronic inflammation
2. For example, which of the following are acute inflammation? Which belong to chronic inflammation? Which are hyperacute inflammation? Which belong to subacute inflammation?
Section II acute inflammation (2 class hours)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. Memorize the basic concepts and pathological changes of exudation, metamorphism and hyperplasia.
3. Memorize the concept, cause, type, morphological characteristics, outcome and significance of exudative inflammation, metamorphic inflammation and proliferative inflammation.
4. Be able to recognize the morphological characteristics of various inflammatory cells and understand their functions.
5. To understand the process and mechanism of inflammatory exudation and leukocyte phagocytosis.
[specific teaching contents]
1.Basic pathological changes of inflammation (deterioration, exudation and hyperplasia)
2. Mechanism of inflammatory exudation, inflammatory hyperemia, increased vascular permeability, exudation and function of leukocytes, types and functions of inflammatory cells
3. Inflammatory mediators
4. The common types of exudative inflammation were serous inflammation, cellulosic inflammation, suppurative inflammation and hemorrhagic inflammation
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following basic concepts:
Metamorphism, exudation, exudate, chemotaxis, phagocytosis.
2. Illustrate the histological features of the following basic lesions:
Exudative inflammation, metamorphic inflammation, serous inflammation, cellulitis, suppurative inflammation, abscess, cellulitis, hemorrhagic inflammation, superficial suppuration, furuncle, carbuncle, catarrhal inflammation.
3. Address the following issues:
3.1 difference between exudate and leakage.
3.2 difference between abscess and cellulitis
3.3 significance of exudate in inflammation.
3.4 histological features of various suppurative inflammation.
Section III chronic inflammation (1 class hour)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. Memorize the concept of granulomatous inflammation.
2. Can you give examples of which inflammation belongs to granulomatous inflammation and describe its pathological characteristics.
[specific teaching contents]
1. The common types of chronic inflammation and the pathological characteristics of granulomatous inflammation.
2. The basic pathological changes of infectious granuloma.
3. The basic lesion of foreign body granuloma.
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following basic concepts:
Inflammatory pseudotumor, granulomatous inflammation, granuloma, epithelioid cells.
2. Illustrate the histological features of the following basic lesions:
Granuloma, granulomatous inflammation.
3. Address the following issues:
3.1 describe the histological features of common types of granulomas.
Section IV course and outcome of inflammation (0.5 class hours)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. Understanding the outcome of inflammation
2. Memorize the concepts of bacteremia, toxemia, sepsis and sepsis.
[specific teaching contents]
1. The outcome of inflammation: recovery, delay, spread.
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following basic concepts:
Bacteremia, toxemia, sepsis, sepsis,
2. Address the following issues:
The outcome of inflammation and its impact on the body.
Chapter V tumor (8 class hours)
Section I concept and general morphology of tumor (0.5 class hours, including 0.5 class hours of teaching)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. Memorize the concept of tumor.
2. Have the ability to distinguish neoplastic and non neoplastic hyperplasia.
[specific teaching contents]
1. The concept of tumor; Neoplastic and non neoplastic hyperplasia.
2. General morphology and structure of tumor: general morphology of tumor; Tumor tissue structure.
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Tumor
2. Address the following issues:
The difference between neoplastic hyperplasia and non neoplastic hyperplasia.
Section II tumor atypia (1 class hour, including 1 class hour of teaching)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
Master the concept of tumor atypia, memorize the atypia of tumor tissue structure and cell morphology, and have the ability to distinguish tumor atypia.
[specific teaching contents]
1. The concept of tumor atypia; At the same time, the concepts of differentiated and anaplastic tumors are described.
2. Atypia of tumor tissue structure; Tumor cell atypia.
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following terms:
Atypia; Differentiation; Anaplasia
2. Address the following issues:
Describe the atypia of tumor through specific cases.
Section III tumor growth and diffusion (1.5 class hours, including 1.5 class hours of teaching)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. To understand the biological characteristics of tumor growth.
2. Memorize the growth mode of tumor and its clinical significance.
3. Memorize the tumor diffusion pathway and understand the mechanism of tumor diffusion.
4. Have the ability of histological grading of common tumors and understand the staging of tumors.
[specific teaching contents]
1. Biology of tumor growth: natural growth history of tumor; Kinetics of tumor growth; Tumor evolution and heterogeneity.
2. Growth pattern and spread of tumor: three growth patterns of tumor; Direct spread and metastasis of tumor; Mechanism of invasion and metastasis of malignant tumors.
3. Tumor grading and staging.
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following terms:
direct spread; metastasis；transcoelomic metastasis；Krukenberg tumor
2. Address the following issues:
2.1 explain various metastatic pathways of tumor, and be able to introduce common metastatic pathways of tumor in combination with cases or specific tumors.
2.2 tumor growth pattern.
2.3 explain the natural growth process of malignant tumor.
Section IV impact of tumor on the body (0.5 class hours, including 0.5 class hours of teaching)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
Be familiar with the impact of tumor on the body.
[specific teaching contents]
1. The impact of benign tumors on the body.
2. The impact of malignant tumors on the body.
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following terms:
cachexia；paraneoplastic syndrome
2. Address the following issues:
The impact of tumor on the body.
Section V difference between benign tumors and malignant tumors (0.5 class hours, including 0.5 class hours of teaching)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
Be familiar with the characteristics of benign and malignant tumors, especially malignant tumors, and have the ability to distinguish benign and malignant tumors.
[specific teaching contents]
1. The difference between benign tumor and malignant tumor.
2. The concept of borderline tumor.
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following terms:
Borderline tumor
2. Address the following issues:
The difference between benign tumor and malignant tumor
Section VI naming and classification of tumors (0.5 class hours, including 0.5 class hours of teaching)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. Master the naming and classification principles of tumors, learn to use the concepts of cancer, cancer, sarcoma and carcinosarcoma, and initially have the ability to identify the nature of tumors through tumor naming.
2. Understand the classification of tumors.
[specific teaching contents]
1. The named principles of tumors.
2. Classification of tumors.
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following terms:
Carcinoma; sarcoma； carcinosarcoma
2. Address the following issues:
Naming principles of tumors.
Section 7 examples of common tumors (2 class hours, including 2 class hours of teaching)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. To understand the name, predilection site and basic pathological morphology of common epithelial, mesenchymal and neuroectodermal tumors.
2. Memorize the characteristics of cancer and sarcoma and have the ability to distinguish cancer and sarcoma.
3. Understand and memorize the concepts of precancerous disease (lesion) and carcinoma in situ.
[specific teaching contents]
1. Epithelial tumor: common benign epithelial tumor; Common malignant epithelial tumors; The concept and histological features of precancerous lesions, atypical hyperplasia and carcinoma in situ.
2. Mesenchymal tumors: common benign mesenchymal tumors; Common malignant mesenchymal tumors; The difference between cancer and sarcoma.
3.Neuroectodermal tumors: pigmented nevus and melanoma; Retinoblastoma; Schwannoma.
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following nouns
precancerous lesion， dysplasia， carcinoma in situ
2. Address the following issues:
2.1 examples of common precancerous lesions.
2.2 how to distinguish cancer from sarcoma.
Section VIII etiology and pathogenesis of tumor (1.5 class hours, including 1.5 class hours of teaching)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. Master the molecular biological basis of tumorigenesis,.
2. Be familiar with the concepts of proto oncogene, oncogene and tumor suppressor gene and the activation pathway of proto oncogene.
3. Understand the environmental and internal carcinogenic factors and carcinogenic mechanism.
4. Have the ability to integrate theory with practice.
[specific teaching contents]
1. Molecular biological basis of tumorigenesis: activation of oncogenes, activation mode, examples of oncogenes; Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, such as p53 gene and Rb gene; Apoptosis regulating genes; DNA repair regulatory genes; Telomere, telomerase; Multistep carcinogenesis theory.
2. Environmental carcinogenic factors and mechanisms: common chemical carcinogenic factors and mechanisms; Physical carcinogenic factors and mechanisms; Carcinogenesis and mechanism of viruses and bacteria.
3. The internal factors and mechanism affecting the occurrence and development of tumor.
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following terms:
protooncogene；oncogene；tumor suppressor gene
2. Address the following issues:
2.1 molecular mechanism of tumorigenesis.
2.2 the theory of multi-step carcinogenesis can be combined with practice.
Chapter VI cardiovascular diseases (6 class hours)
Section I atherosclerosis, coronary atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease (2 class hours, including 2 class hours for teaching)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. Remember the basic pathological changes, outcomes and complications of atherosclerosis.
2. Remember the types of angina pectoris, pathological changes and complications of myocardial infarction.
3. To understand the etiology and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis
[specific teaching contents]
1. Etiology, pathogenesis and pathological characteristics of atherosclerosis.
2. Pathological characteristics and clinicopathological relationship of coronary atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease.
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following concepts:
Atherosclerosis, stria adiposus, atherosclerotic plaque, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction
2. Describe the basic pathological characteristics of the following diseases:
Atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction.
3. Address the following issues:
3.1 basic lesion characteristics and secondary lesions of atherosclerosis.
3.2 causes and common types of coronary heart disease
3.3 pathological changes and complications of myocardial infarction.
Section II hypertension and rheumatism (2 class hours, including 2 class hours for teaching)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. Remember the types of hypertension and the pathological changes of benign and malignant hypertension.
2. Remember the basic pathological changes of rheumatism and the pathological changes of rheumatic endocarditis.
3. To understand the etiology and pathogenesis of hypertension and rheumatism
[specific teaching contents]
1. The etiology, pathogenesis, types and basic pathological changes of hypertension, and the pathological changes of various organs of hypertension.
2. Etiology and pathogenesis of rheumatism, basic pathological changes, pathological characteristics of various organs (heart, joint, skin, etc.) of rheumatism.
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following basic concepts:
Essential hypertension, primary granular pyknosis, malignant hypertension, rheumatic corpuscle
2. Describe the basic pathological characteristics of the following diseases:
Rheumatic endocarditis, hypertension.
3. Address the following issues:
3.1 pathological characteristics and clinical changes of various organs of benign hypertension.
3.2 etiology, pathological changes and clinicopathological relationship of rheumatism.
Section III infective endocarditis and valvular heart disease (2 class hours, including 2 class hours for teaching)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. Have the ability to distinguish the pathological characteristics of infective endocarditis and subacute infective endocarditis.
[specific teaching contents]
1. Etiology, common types and pathological changes of infective endocarditis.
2. The pathological characteristics and clinicopathological relationship of valvular heart disease.
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Describe the basic pathological characteristics of the following diseases:
Acute infective endocarditis, subacute infective endocarditis.
2. Address the following issues:
2.1 pathological changes of acute infective endocarditis and subacute infective endocarditis.
2.2 changes of mitral stenosis and mitral insufficiency.
Chapter VII respiratory diseases (6 class hours)
Section I pneumonia (2 class hours, including 2 class hours of teaching)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1.Grasp the pathological characteristics of bacterial pneumonia (lobar pneumonia and lobular pneumonia) and viral pneumonia.
2.Have the ability to analyze the clinicopathological relationship of various types of pneumonia and the ability to distinguish and diagnose different pathological characteristics.
[specific teaching contents]
1. Etiology, pathogenesis, pathological changes and clinicopathological relationship of bacterial pneumonia (lobar pneumonia and lobular pneumonia).
2. Etiology and pathological changes of viral and mycoplasma pneumonia.
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following basic concepts:
Pulmonary sarcoidosis, lobar pneumonia, lobular pneumonia, pulmonary hyaline membrane.
2. Describe the basic pathological characteristics of the following diseases:
Lobar pneumonia, lobular pneumonia, viral pneumonia.
3. Address the following issues:
3.1 occurrence process and clinicopathological relationship of lobar pneumonia.
3.2 difference between lobar pneumonia and lobular pneumonia.
Section II chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (1.5 class hours, including 1.5 class hours of teaching)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1.To master the pathological changes, pathogenesis and clinicopathological relationship of chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis and emphysema.
[specific teaching contents]
1. Diagnostic criteria, pathological changes and clinicopathological relationship of chronic bronchitis.
2. Pathogenesis, pathological changes and clinicopathological relationship of bronchiectasis.
3. Etiology, pathogenesis, classification and pathological changes of emphysema.
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following basic concepts:
Chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, pulmonary bullae, barrel chest.
2. Describe the basic pathological characteristics of the following diseases:
Chronic bronchitis, emphysema, bronchiectasis.
3. Address the following issues:
3.1 occurrence and development process, pathological changes and clinicopathological relationship of chronic bronchitis.
3.2 pathogenesis of chronic bronchitis complicated with emphysema.
Section III pneumoconiosis (0.5 class hours, including 0.5 class hours of teaching)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. The etiology, pathogenesis and pathological changes of silicosis.
2. Be familiar with the clinical staging principles of silicosis.
[specific teaching contents]
1. Etiology and pathogenesis of silicosis.
2. Pathological changes of silicosis.
3. Clinical staging principle of silicosis.
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following basic concepts:
Pneumoconiosis, silicon nodules.
2. Describe the basic pathological characteristics of the following diseases:
Silicosis
3. Address the following issues:
3.1 pathogenesis and common complications of silicosis.
Section IV chronic pulmonary heart disease (0.5 class hours, including 0.5 class hours of teaching)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. To master the etiology and pathogenesis of chronic pulmonary heart disease.
2. Grasp the pathological changes and clinicopathological relationship of chronic pulmonary heart disease.
[specific teaching contents]
1. Etiology and pathogenesis of chronic pulmonary heart disease
2. Pathological changes and clinicopathological relationship of chronic pulmonary heart disease
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Describe the basic pathological characteristics of the following diseases:
Chronic pulmonary heart disease
2. Address the following issues:
The occurrence and development of chronic pulmonary heart disease.
Section V common tumors of respiratory system (1.5 class hours, including 1.5 class hours of teaching)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. To master the pathological characteristics and histological types of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
2. Master the general types and histological types of lung cancer.
[specific teaching contents]
1. Etiology, common histological types and clinical characteristics of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
2. General types, histological types and clinical characteristics of lung cancer.
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Describe the basic pathological characteristics of the following diseases:
Small cell lung cancer
2. Address the following issues:
Common histological types, pathological and clinical features of lung cancer.
Chapter VIII digestive system diseases (6 class hours)
Section I (2 class hours, including 1.5 class hours for teaching and 0.5 class hours for discussion and testing)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. Remember the pathological features of chronic atrophic gastritis.
2. Remember the pathological features and complications of chronic peptic ulcer.
3. Understand the basic types and pathological changes of acute gastritis and chronic gastritis.
4. Understand the etiology and pathogenesis of peptic ulcer.
[specific teaching contents]
1. The common causes, pathological features and types of acute gastritis and chronic gastritis.
2. The pathogenesis, pathological changes, outcome and complications of peptic ulcer.
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following basic concepts:
Chronic atrophic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease.
2. Explain the basic pathological changes of the following diseases:
Chronic atrophic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease.
3. Address the following issues:
3.1 pathological changes and clinicopathological relationship of chronic atrophic gastritis.
3.2 pathological changes and complications of gastric ulcer.
Section II (2 class hours, including 1.5 class hours for teaching and 0.5 class hours for discussion and testing)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. Remember the difference between benign and malignant ulcers.
2. Memorize the gross and histological types, diffusion and metastasis of esophageal cancer, gastric cancer and colorectal cancer.
[specific teaching contents]
Etiology, pathological changes, histological types, metastatic pathways and clinicopathological relationship of esophageal cancer, gastric cancer and colorectal cancer.
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following basic concepts: early esophageal cancer, early gastric cancer, early colorectal cancer, colloidal cancer, signet ring cell, Krukenberg tumor.
2. Address the following issues:
2.1 general classification of esophageal cancer
2.2 gross and histological types of gastric cancer
2.3 general classification of colorectal cancer
2.4 differences between benign and malignant ulcers
Section III (2 class hours, including 1.5 class hours for teaching and 0.5 class hours for discussion and testing)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. Memorize the basic pathological changes, clinicopathological types and pathological changes of viral hepatitis
2. Memorize the etiology, pathogenesis, pathological changes and clinicopathological relationship of portal cirrhosis.
3. Memorize the types, pathological changes, diffusion and metastasis of liver cancer.
4. To understand the etiology, pathogenesis, pathological changes and clinicopathological relationship of post necrotic cirrhosis.
[specific teaching contents]
1. Etiology, pathogenesis, basic pathological changes and clinicopathological types of viral hepatitis.
2. Concept and classification of cirrhosis. The etiology, pathogenesis, pathological changes and clinicopathological relationship of portal cirrhosis, post necrotic cirrhosis and biliary cirrhosis.
3. The etiology, pathological changes, histological types, metastatic pathways and clinicopathological relationship of primary liver cancer.
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following concepts:
Viral hepatitis, ballooning and ground glass hepatocytes, eosinophilic bodies, bridging necrosis, fragmented necrosis, liver cirrhosis, pseudolobules, primary liver cancer.
2. Address the following issues:
2.1 basic pathological changes of liver during hepatitis
2.2 clinicopathological types and pathological changes of viral hepatitis.
2.3 general and microscopic features of liver cirrhosis
2.4 microscopic features of hepatic lobules
2.5 main collateral circulation and its complications in portal hypertension
Chapter IX diseases of lymphohematopoietic system (2 class hours)
Section I benign lesions of lymph nodes (1 class hour)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. To understand the benign lesions of lymph nodes that are easy to be confused with lymphoma.
2. It can distinguish between reactive lymph node hyperplasia and lymphoma.
[specific teaching contents]
1. Types of benign lesions of lymph nodes
2. Benign lymph node lesions that need to be differentiated from lymphoma.
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
Differential diagnosis between reactive hyperplasia of lymph nodes and follicular lymphoma, and diagnosis of histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis
Section II (1 class hour)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. To understand the classification of lymphoma.
2. Be able to diagnose Hodgkin's lymphoma and memorize its classification.
[specific teaching contents]
1. Classification of lymphoma.
2. Pathological characteristics and classification of Hodgkin's lymphoma.
3. Pathological features of common non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following basic concepts:
RS cells, lacuna cells, microscopic shadow cells, popcorn cells
2. Basic lesions and classification of Hodgkin's lymphoma
Section III myeloid tumors (self-study)
Section 4 histiocyte and dendritic cell tumors (self-study)
Chapter X urinary system diseases (4 class hours)
Section I glomerular disease (2 class hours)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. Be familiar with the normal structure and constituent cells of nephron.
2. Be familiar with the etiology and pathogenesis of glomerular disease.
3. Familiar with the basic pathological changes and main clinical manifestations of glomerular diseases.
4. Be familiar with the pathological changes and clinical features of acute diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis and rapid progressive glomerulonephritis.
5. Be familiar with the pathological changes and clinical characteristics of three or more nephrotic syndrome associated glomerulonephritis (membranous glomerulopathy, minimal degenerative glomerulonephritis and membranous proliferative glomerulonephritis).
6. To understand the pathological changes and clinical characteristics of focal segmental glomerulonephritis and IgA nephropathy.
7. To master the pathological changes and clinical characteristics of chronic glomerulonephritis.
[specific teaching contents]
Composition of urinary system, normal structure and composition of nephron, concept of glomerular disease, etiology and pathogenesis, basic pathological changes, main clinical manifestations, pathological types of glomerulonephritis, various types of pathological changes (including macroscopic view, he section histology, immunofluorescence, electron microscopic changes, etc.), clinicopathological relationship and outcome.
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following basic concepts:
Glomerulonephritis, glomerular in situ immune complex, acute nephritis syndrome, rapid progressive nephritis syndrome, chronic nephritis syndrome, nephrotic syndrome, large red kidney (flea bites the kidney), large white kidney, crescent body, Goodtaste syndrome, secondary granular pyknosis, etc.
2. Describe the basic lesions of the following diseases:
Acute and chronic glomerulonephritis
3. Clarify the following questions:
3.1 formation mechanism of big red kidney, flea bite kidney, big white kidney and granular pyknosis kidney
3.2 how is polyuria, oliguria, anuria, nocturia, azotemia and uremia formed in nephritis?
3.3 main pathological types of primary glomerulonephritis.
Section II tubulointerstitial nephritis (1 class hour)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. To master the etiology, pathological changes and clinicopathological relationship of acute pyelonephritis.
2. To master the etiology, pathological changes and clinicopathological relationship of chronic pyelonephritis.
[specific teaching contents]
Etiology and pathogenesis, route of infection, pathological changes, clinicopathological relationship and outcome of acute and chronic pyelonephritis.
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following basic concepts:
Necrosis of renal papilla, pyodesis of renal pelvis and perirenal abscess
2. Explain the pathological changes of the following diseases:
Acute and chronic pyelonephritis
3. Clarify the following questions:
Pyelonephritis, polyuria, oliguria, anuria, nocturia, azotemia, uremia is how to form
Section III common tumors of kidney and bladder (1 class hour)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. To understand the common types and pathological changes of renal cell carcinoma.
2. To understand the common types and pathological changes of bladder urothelial tumors.
[specific teaching contents]
Pathological changes and clinicopathological relationship of common tumors of kidney, urinary tract and bladder.
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following basic concepts:
Colorful kidney and Wilms tumor
2. Explain the pathological changes of the following diseases:
Pathological changes of renal clear cell carcinoma and urothelial bladder tumor
3. Clarify the following questions:
Classification of renal cell carcinoma, urinary tract and bladder epithelial tumors
Chapter XI breast and reproductive system diseases (4 class hours)
Section I cervical diseases, uterine body diseases and trophoblastic diseases (2 class hours, including 2 class hours)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. Grasp the pathological characteristics of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, cervical cancer, uterine body cancer and trophoblastic diseases (hydatidiform mole, invasive hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma).
2. Have the ability to analyze the clinicopathological relationship and differential diagnosis of various types of trophoblastic diseases.
[specific teaching contents]
1. Etiology, pathogenesis, pathological changes and clinicopathological relationship of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.
2. Etiology, pathological changes and clinicopathological relationship of cervical cancer and uterine body cancer.
3. Pathological changes and clinicopathological relationship of trophoblastic diseases (hydatidiform mole, invasive hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma).
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following basic concepts:
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, early invasive carcinoma of the cervix, hydatidiform mole, invasive hydatidiform mole.
2. Describe the basic pathological characteristics of the following diseases:
Cervical cancer, uterine body cancer, hydatidiform mole, invasive hydatidiform mole, choriocarcinoma.
3. Address the following issues:
3.1 etiology, pathogenesis and clinicopathological relationship of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.
3.2 similarities and differences of pathological changes among trophoblastic diseases (hydatidiform mole, invasive hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma).
Section II ovarian tumors, breast diseases and prostate diseases (2 class hours, including 2 class hours)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. Histological classification of ovarian tumors and pathological changes of ovarian epithelial tumors.
2. understanding the pathogenesis, pathological changes and clinicopathological correlation of breast cancer.
3. Master the etiology, pathological changes and clinicopathological relationship of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer
[specific teaching contents]
1. Histological classification of ovarian tumors, pathological changes and diagnostic criteria of ovarian epithelial tumors (mucinous and serous tumors).
2. the etiology, histological classification, pathological changes and clinicopathological correlation of breast cancer.
3. Etiology, pathological changes and clinicopathological relationship between benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following basic concepts:
Acne cancer, Paget's disease, benign prostatic hyperplasia.
2. Describe the basic pathological characteristics of the following diseases:
Breast cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate cancer.
3. Address the following issues:
3.1 the etiology, pathological changes and clinicopathological correlation of breast cancer.
Chapter XII endocrine system diseases (2 class hours)
Section I goiter (0.5 class hours, including 0.5 class hours of teaching)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. To master the etiology, pathogenesis, pathological changes and clinicopathological relationship of diffuse toxic and non-toxic goiter.
[specific teaching contents]
1. The etiology, pathogenesis, pathological changes and clinicopathological relationship between diffuse toxic goiter and non-toxic goiter.
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following basic concepts:
Simple goiter, diffuse toxic goiter
2. Explain the basic pathological changes of the following diseases:
Simple goiter, toxic goiter
3. Address the following issues:
3.1 diagnosis and differential points of nodular goiter and thyroid tumor.
3.2 etiology and pathogenesis of non-toxic goiter.
3.3 etiology and pathogenesis of toxic goiter.
Section II thyroid inflammation (0.5 class hours, including 0.5 class hours of teaching)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. To master the pathological changes of Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
[specific teaching contents]
1. The types, pathological changes and clinical features of common thyroiditis.
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following basic concepts:
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
2. Explain the basic pathological changes of the following diseases:
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
3. Address the following issues:
Pathogenesis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Section III thyroid tumor (1 class hour, including 1 class hour of teaching)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. To master the pathological changes and pathological types of thyroid follicular adenoma.
2. To master the pathological characteristics, classification and metastasis of thyroid cancer.
[specific teaching contents]
1. The etiology, pathogenesis, pathological changes and clinical characteristics of acute, subacute and chronic thyroiditis.
2. The pathological types, pathological changes and metastatic characteristics of thyroid follicular adenoma and thyroid adenocarcinoma.
3. Differential diagnosis of thyroid follicular adenoma and nodular goiter.
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following concepts:
Thyroid follicular adenoma, thyroid follicular carcinoma
2. Explain the basic pathological changes of the following diseases:
Papillary thyroid carcinoma
3. Address the following issues:
3.1 common histological types of thyroid follicular adenoma.
3.2 diagnostic points of thyroid follicular carcinoma.
3.3 cytological characteristics of thyroid papillary carcinoma.
Chapter XIII infectious diseases (4 class hours)
Section 1 tuberculosis (1 hours)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. Remember the basic diseases and their transformation rules of tuberculosis.
2. Remember the occurrence, development and pathological characteristics of primary and secondary pulmonary tuberculosis.
3. To understand the pathological characteristics of common extrapulmonary organ tuberculosis.
[specific teaching contents]
1. Give an overview of infectious diseases.
2. The etiology, pathogenesis, basic diseases and transformation of tuberculosis. Pathological changes and outcomes of primary pulmonary tuberculosis. Types, pathological characteristics and clinicopathological relationship of secondary pulmonary tuberculosis.
3. To describe the characteristics of tuberculosis in the extrapulmonary organs (lymph nodes, intestines, peritoneum, meninges, kidneys, joints, etc.).
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following basic concepts:
Tuberculosis, nodule, primary pulmonary syndrome.
2. Explain the following basic pathological changes:
Open pulmonary tuberculosis, caseous pneumonia, tuberculoma.
3. Address the following issues:
3.1 main composition and prognosis of tuberculous nodules.
3.2 how to distinguish primary pulmonary tuberculosis from secondary pulmonary tuberculosis?
Section II typhoid fever and bacillary dysentery (1 class hour)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. Remember the pathological characteristics, pathogenesis and clinicopathological relationship of typhoid fever.
2. Remember the pathological characteristics, pathogenesis and clinicopathological relationship of bacillary dysentery.
[specific teaching contents]
1. Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, route of infection, pathological changes and clinicopathological relationship of typhoid fever.
2. Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, route of infection, pathological changes and clinicopathological relationship of bacillary dysentery, and compare the similarities and differences of several diseases that can cause intestinal mucosal injury in this chapter.
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following basic concepts:
Typhoid granuloma.
2. Explain the following basic pathological changes:
Typhoid summary.
3. Address the following issues:
3.1 what kinds of infectious diseases can granulomatous lesions occur?
3.2 what are the characteristics of intestinal tuberculosis, intestinal typhoid lesion and intestinal ulcer?
3.3 the pathological changes of typhoid fever are related to Clinicopathology.
Section III nervous system diseases (1 class hour)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. Remember the pathological changes and clinicopathological relationship of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis.
2. Remember the pathological changes and clinicopathological relationship of epidemic encephalitis B.
[specific teaching contents]
1. Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, route of infection, pathological changes and clinicopathological relationship of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis.
2. Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, route of infection, pathological changes and clinicopathological relationship of epidemic encephalitis B
3. To compare the similarities and differences between epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis and epidemic encephalitis B.
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following basic concepts:
Ghost cells.
2. Explain the following basic pathological changes:
Epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis, epidemic encephalitis B.
3. Address the following issues:
3.1 compare the similarities and differences between epidemic encephalitis and encephalitis B from the perspective of pathology.
Section IV sexually transmitted diseases (1 class hour)
[teaching objectives and requirements]
To understand the etiology, pathogenesis, transmission route, pathological changes and clinical characteristics of gonorrhea, syphilis and condyloma acuminatum.
[specific teaching contents]
1. Describe the concept, pathogen, route of transmission, pathogenesis, pathological characteristics and clinicopathological relationship of sexually transmitted diseases (gonorrhea, condyloma acuminatum and syphilis).
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following basic pathological changes:
Syphilitic rash, syphilitic tumor.
2. Address the following issues:
3. Explain the following basic pathological changes: condyloma acuminatum, syphilis, gonorrhea.
[teaching objectives and requirements]
1. Grasp the basic pathological changes of tuberculosis and their transformation rules.
2. Master the occurrence, development process and pathological characteristics of primary and secondary pulmonary tuberculosis.
3. To master the pathological characteristics of common extrapulmonary organ tuberculosis.
4. To master the pathological characteristics, pathogenesis and clinicopathological relationship of typhoid and bacillary dysentery.
5. To master the pathological changes and clinicopathological relationship of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis.
6. To master the pathological changes and clinicopathological relationship of epidemic encephalitis B.
7. Master the etiology, pathogenesis, transmission route, pathological changes and clinical characteristics of gonorrhea, syphilis and condyloma acuminatum.
[specific teaching contents]
1. Overview of infectious diseases.
2. The etiology, pathogenesis, basic diseases and transformation of tuberculosis. Pathological changes and outcomes of primary pulmonary tuberculosis. Types, pathological characteristics and clinicopathological relationship of secondary pulmonary tuberculosis.
3. The characteristics of tuberculosis outside the lung (lymph nodes, intestines, peritoneum, meninges, kidneys, bone joints, etc.).
4. Etiology, pathogenesis, route of infection, pathological changes and clinicopathological relationship of typhoid and bacillary dysentery.
5. Etiology, pathogenesis, route of infection, pathological changes and clinicopathological relationship of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis.
6. The etiology, pathogenesis, route of infection, pathological changes and clinicopathological relationship of epidemic encephalitis B.
7. Concept, pathogen, route of transmission, pathogenesis, pathological characteristics and clinicopathological relationship of sexually transmitted diseases (gonorrhea, condyloma acuminatum and syphilis).
[difficulties and key points of teaching / assessment]
1. Explain the following basic concepts:
Tuberculous nodules, primary pulmonary syndrome, typhoid granuloma,
2. Explain the following basic pathological changes:
Open pulmonary tuberculosis, caseous pneumonia, tuberculoma, syphilis, syphilioma.
3. Address the following issues:
3.1 what kinds of infectious diseases can granulomatous lesions occur?
3.2 main composition and prognosis of tuberculous nodules.
3.3 how to distinguish primary pulmonary tuberculosis from secondary pulmonary tuberculosis?
3.4 what are the characteristics of intestinal tuberculosis, intestinal typhoid lesion and intestinal ulcer?
3.5 the pathological changes of typhoid fever are related to Clinicopathology.
3.6 explain the following basic pathological changes: condyloma acuminatum, syphilis and gonorrhea.
